LEESBURG, Va. — How Virginia goes in the presidential election may come down to voters who live amid the small wineries, affluent subdivisions and Civil War battlegrounds of Loudoun County.
Voters in the tony Hamilton County suburbs around the humming riverside economic engine of Cincinnati may tip the balance in Ohio.
To win Florida, either President Barack Obama or Mitt Romney probably will have carried Hillsborough County, where the urban seaport town of Tampa bleeds into communities of Spanish-speaking voters and retired Midwesterners.
Those areas are vastly different, yet each is full of fickle voters and bound by a proclivity to swing between Republican and Democrat every four years. All are main targets as the president and his Republican challenger look for enough victories in enough states to reach the 270 electoral votes needed to capture the White House.
The race may come down to an even narrower slice of the electorate than the nine most contested states: Colorado, Florida, Iowa, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Ohio, Virginia and Wisconsin. The outcome probably will depend on what happens in the 106 counties that Republican George W. Bush won in 2004 and that voted for Democrat Obama in 2008, according to an Associated Press analysis.
AP reviewed the vote returns in those nine states during the 2000, 2004 and 2008 elections to identify the counties that have swung between the parties and were most likely to do it again Nov. 6.
These counties are home to people such as Matt Blunt, a 42-year-old information-technology manager from Sterling, Va., in Loudoun County, outside Washington. Blunt voted for Obama in 2008, hoping he could change Washington's bitter tone, but now backs Romney.
"What I see in Romney is the stronger potential for leadership than we've seen in the past four years," Blunt said, adding that Obama "hasn't lived up to the promise."
Constant polling
In these counties more than anywhere else, voters' phones ring every night with automated telephone surveys. Every day, glossy mailers hit their mailboxes. Televisions crackle day and night with campaign ads.
In fact, voters in the Cincinnati, Tampa and northern Virginia TV markets have been subjected to presidential campaign advertising totaling $127 million, almost one-fifth of the total spent nationwide this year.
"There's more — and more concentrated — contact with voters in these counties that swung back and forth in these states than anybody," said Charlie Black, a veteran Republican presidential campaign strategist and informal Romney adviser.
In a race where any bit of an advantage could make the difference, the campaigns go to all this trouble to sway a tiny fraction of the electorate. In 2008, there were 6.2 million votes from those 106 counties; that was not even 5 percent of the roughly 137 million who voted for president.
There is no single reason to explain why these counties seem to shift with the political wind. Their voters are far from monolithic, having little in common other than their voting patterns.
In most of these places, there are few truly undecided voters, forcing Obama and Romney to subdivide the electorate in their attempt for any edge.
In northern Virginia, for example, Obama is reaching out to newcomers and younger veterans. Romney's pitch is stronger toward retired military members, sportsmen and social conservatives.
In counties in the West, Obama is courting educated women and Latinos. Romney is attempting to make inroads with both but is more focused on businesswomen and small-business owners.
As a whole, voters in these counties are less racially diverse than the nation, with a smaller percentage having a college education.
One such area is working-class Sandusky County, Ohio, where the automotive industry's rebound has pushed the county's unemployment below the state average. The list also includes parts of southern Virginia, with a substantial African-American population, and North Carolina's Research Triangle.
If there's one area where these counties are linked, it may be that many have a wide segment of working-class white voters, an important group for Romney and one that Obama has struggled with.
Starting with an edge
In the hunt for 270, Obama starts with more states and electoral votes in his column. Romney must take back from the incumbent some states that Obama carried four years ago, including North Carolina and Virginia, which had been reliably Republican until 2008.
In Virginia, public and private polls show Obama narrowly ahead. Internal Republican polls have shown Romney leading in Loudoun and Prince William counties. Over time, these once-reliably Republican counties have become more politically diverse, as younger, well-educated, racially and ethnically diverse voters have flocked to Washington's suburbs. Obama won four years ago by aggressively going after them and the state's robust African-American electorate.
Romney can win Virginia by taking Loud-oun County away from the Democrats, holding down Obama's likely edge in other Washington suburbs and running up big numbers in rural southern Virginia and the conservative Tidewater area.
In Ohio, Romney needs Hamilton County, especially the Cincinnati suburbs, to offset Obama's edge in Cleveland, Columbus and Dayton. Obama needs to trim Romney's advantages in the suburbs and southeastern Ohio's coal country.
The dynamic is similar in Nevada's Washoe County. It's home to Reno, a gambling mecca at the foot of the Sierra Nevada that is a diverse mix of people, including retired and active-duty military from the nearby Naval air base, Latinos and transplants from northern California.
If Romney stands a chance of carrying Nevada, he needs to cut into Obama's edge in Las Vegas and run up big margins in the vast ranching and mining country elsewhere. But he stands little chance of beating Obama in Nevada without Washoe County, which accounts for 15 percent to 20 percent of the state's vote.
While Obama has concentrated his Nevada efforts on Las Vegas, Romney has focused aggressively on Washoe County's veterans, and for good reason.
"Washoe is a county where Republicans need to win to have a chance in Nevada," Democratic pollster Paul Maslin said.
But some swing-voting counties don't look like they may be swinging back any time soon.
The best example is Osceola County, a bedroom community to Orlando, Fla., that has experienced an influx in the past decade of Puerto Ricans, Latinos who are U.S. citizens.
The shift of these typically Democratic-leaning voters, as well as other Spanish-speaking voters in Colorado and Nevada, is part of a longer-term trend going in the Democrats' favor and spreading into other neighboring states over the coming generation.
While it bodes well for Democrats in the future, there are no guarantees for Obama this year.
A list of 106 swing-voting counties
The Associated Press has identified 106 swing-voting communities in the nine states where President Barack Obama and Republican Mitt Romney are competing hardest. Voters in these counties, and cities in the case of Virginia, picked President George W. Bush in 2004 and Obama in 2008, and these places could again be pivotal this year.
Colorado:
Alamosa
Arapahoe
Huerfano
Jefferson
Larimer
Ouray
Florida:
Flagler
Hillsborough
Osceola
Pinellas
Iowa:
Adams
Allamakee
Audubon
Bremer
Carroll
Cedar
Crawford
Delaware
Emmett
Franklin
Greene
Hamilton
Hardin
Iowa
Kossuth
Louisa
Marshall
Palo Alto
Union
Warren
Winnebago
Nevada:
Washoe
Carson City
New Hampshire:
Belknap
Carroll
Hillsborough
Rockingham
North Carolina:
Bladen
Buncombe
Caswell
Cumberland
Forsyth
Granville
Hyde
Jackson
Martin
Pitt
Wake
Watauga
Wilson
Ohio:
Hamilton
Lake
Ottawa
Sandusky
Tuscarawas
Wood
Virginia:
Buckingham
Caroline
Essex
Henrico
King and Queen
Loudoun
Montgomery
Prince William
Westmoreland
(Cities)
Chesapeake
Harrisonburg
Hopewell
Manassas
Manassas Park
Radford
Staunton
Suffolk
Winchester
Wisconsin:
Barron
Brown
Burnett
Calumet
Chippewa
Clark
Columbia
Door
Forest
Jefferson
Juneau
Kewaunee
Langlade
Lincoln
Manitowoc
Marathon
Marinette
Marquette
Monroe
Oconto
Oneida
Outagamie
Racine
Richland
Rusk
Sawyer
Shawano
Washburn
Waupaca
Waushara
Winnebago
Wood
Source: The Associated Press
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